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SRI LANKA:THE ARROGANCE OF POWER
Myths, Decadence & Murder
by Rajan Hoole
1. Authoritarianism and the Crisis of Identity
1.1 Patriotism and Skewed Histories
1.2 Roots and Implications of Sinhalese-Buddhist Ideology
1.3 The Citizenship Acts and the Birth of the Federal party
1.4 Tamils: A Self-imposed Isolation?
1.5 The Left Alternative in Sri Lanka
2 Antecedents of July 1983 and the Foundations of Impunity
2.1 Humiliation and Rebellion
2.2 The PSO
2.3 The Murder of Alfred Duraiappah
2.4 The Tamils and Official History
2.5 de Kretzer and Sansoni on the IATR Conference Incident
2.6 Events in Jaffna and the Violence of 1977
2.7 Behind the 1977 Violence
2.8 The Reality beneath the Sansoni Report
2.8.1 The UNP’s New Culture of State Violence
2.8.2 The Heroes of Anuradhapura
2.8.3 The Radio Message that Ignited the Island
2.9 The Strains on Judicial Integrity
2.10 ‘Sinhala Only’ and its Effects on Ceylon’s Legal Tradition
2.11 The Culture of Impunity
3 1979 - 83: The Mounting Repression
3.1 The Tamil Polity: From Ambivalence to Violence
3.2 The Left in the Tamil Struggle
3.3 The Tamil Leadership after the 1977 Elections
3.4 The PTA and its Effects
3.5 Turmoil and the Art of Governance
3.6 The Gandhiyam
4.1 Stirrings in the Press
4.2 PSO in Force
4.3 Human Rights and Paranoia
4.4 Indian Concern
4.5 The Daily Telegraph Interview
4.6 Madness in the Air
4.7 Violence against Tamils at Peradeniya University: A Portent?
4.7.1 The incidents
4.7. 2 Salient Features
4.7 3 Background to the attack
4.7. 4 Tell-tale signs of UNP involvement
4.8 Portents for Black July and After
5 The Dress Rehearsal in Trincomalee
5.1 The New Frontiersmen
5.2 The Politics and Economics of Frontier land
5.3 The New Bosses
5.4 Research, Ideology and State Policy
in Relation to Trincomalee
5.5 Living at the End of One’s Nerves
5.6 June 1983: Anarchy Loosed
6 Sinhalese and Tamils: The Widening Gulf
6.1 Southern Perceptions Mid - 1983
6.2 Among Christians
7 Taming the Judiciary and the Legacy of the 1982 Referendum
7.1 The UNP and the Judiciary
7.2 The UNP Mob vs The Judiciary (11 June ’83)
7.3 The 3rd and 4th Amendments to the Constitution
7.4 The 1982 Referendum and July 1983
7.5 The Referendum and its Implications for Parliament
8 State and Media Repression against Tamil Political Activists
8.1 The Marx Centenary Detainees
8.2 Government Blitz against Gandhiyam in the ‘Independent’ Media
8.3 Rajasundaram: Legitimate Detention or Prelude to Murder,
Even Judicial Murder?
8.4 The Priests, Dons and Doctor Case
8.5 Dr. Tharmalingam and Kovai Mahesan
8.6 A Proposed Amendment to the PTA
8.7 The Killing of Escaping Detainees!
9.1 Preliminaries
9.2 The Government and the Violence of July 1983
9.3 Borella, 24th Evening
9.4 What really happened at Kanatte?
9.5 Jayewardene’s Failure to Declare Curfew
9.6 Other testimony regarding the violence
9.7 The Cover Up
9.8 30th July 1983: The Second Naxalite Plot
9.9 The Testimony of Lionel Bopage, then General Secretary of the JVP
9.10 Thondaman & Muttetuwegama
9.11 What was behind Tiger Friday - 29th July? -The Significance of the Pettah
9.12 Tamil Merchants in the Pettah - Post July 1983
9.13 A family’s Tragedy in Colombo
9.14 A note on Buddhism, Caste & the New Sinhalese Nationalism
9.15 The Question of Numbers
10 The Welikade Prison Massacres
10.1 An Acknowledgement
10.2 The First Massacre: 25th July 1983
10.3 Circumstances leading to the Magistrate’s Inquest
10.4 The Second Massacre: 27th July 1983
10.5 Postscript
11 July 1983: Planned by the State or Spontaneous Mob Action?
11.1 Official Claims
11.2 Other Cabinet Ministers
11.3 Not a Sudden Outburst
11.4 Events of 24th July – the Eve of the Holocaust
11.4.1 Who wanted a military funeral?
11.4.2 Failure to declare curfew
11.5 What were the Army’s orders?
11.6 Further Evidence of Advance
Planning
11.7 The JSS Goon Squad Regime
11.8 Institutional Implications of the JSS and Black July
11.9 Kelaniya University: March 1978
11.10 The Welikade Prison Massacres
11.10.1 Some Circumstances Concerning the Prison Massacres
11.10.2 The Security Council & Army
11.10.3 Mr. Rogers Jayasekere (RJ)
11.10.4 Gonawela Sunil
11.10.5 Sepala Ekanayake
11.10.6 The Massacre of 27th July
11.10.7 Further Indirect Evidence of State Involvement
11.11 Remarks & Testimonies in Retrospect:
12 Some Missing Threads
12.1 Jayewardene and Mathew
12.2 Cabinet Ministers and the Welikade Prison Massacres
12.3 Alle Gunawanse – A Missing Link?
12.4 The Events at Kanatte on the Evening of 24th July
12.5 Relation of Events at Kanatte to the Outbreak of Violence
12.6 Tiger Friday – 29 July
12.7 Jayewardene Confers with Gunawanse and the Search for a Scapegoat
12.8 Indira Gandhi, Gunawanse and the Left
12.9 Planned Violence and Its Significance
13 Sri Lanka: A Haunted Nation – The Social Underpinnings of Communal Violence
13.1 Adrift
13.2 The SLFP
13.3 Exorcising Reds and Eelamists
13.4 Other Minority Groups and the July Violence
13.5 The CCNH Document
13.6 Obfuscation of Tamil Grievances
13.7 India and Plantation Labour
13.8 The Legacy of the Citizenship Act
13.9 The Tamil Homeland Question
13.10 Smashing the Tamil Homeland
13.11 Scholars and the Tamil Homeland
13.12 The Red Herring of Ancient Possession
13.13 Ethnicity: The Futility of Backward Projection
13.14 The Separation of Tamils
A Refugee’s Farewell
14 The Rise and Fall of the Tamil Militancy and the International
Legal Implications of the Government’s Counter-Insurgency
14.1 The Road to Brutalisation
14.2 The Madura Oya Fiasco
14.3 On to Weli Oya
14.4 Sinhalese Settlers: Heroes or Victims?
14.5 International and Legal Implications of Weli Oya and its Aftermath
14.6 Land – A Raw Nerve
14.7 Jockeying for Succession
14.8 The Degradation of the Tamil Cause and the Indo-Lanka Accord
15 The Indo-Lanka Accord and
Sri Lanka’s Fault Lines: July 1987
15.1 Disregard for Humanitarian Norms and a Flawed Liberation Struggle
15.2 Massacres of Sinhalese Civilians
15.3 The Indo-Lanka Accord and the
Crisis for the LTTE - The High Cost
of Politics through Rhetoric
15.4 The Southern Polity
15.4.1 The JVP: Towards a second comeback
15.4.2 The JVP and the SLFP
15.4.3 The UNP
15.4.4 The Coming of the Indian Army
15.4.5 The Left and Other Pro-Accord Sections
15.5 The Brutalisation of the Tamil Polity
15.6 The Role of the IPKF and a Sequel
15.7 Weli Oya and the Political
Necessity for Permanent Refugees
16 The Year 1988: The Red Moon Over
Sri Lanka and the Dawn of New Wisdom
16.1 Early 1988: Conspiracies Galore
16.2 Jayewardene Quits
16.3 The Human Rights Question in the South
16.4 The Presidential Election Campaign
16.5 JVP Demands and the Coalition Government Interlude
16.6 Some Remarkable Events and Premadasa’s Victory
16.7 New Wisdom: But Alas, Too Brief and Fleeting
17 1989: The Eclipse of the JVP and the Perplexity of the Left
17.1 Premadasa’s Appeal to the JVP and the LTTE
17.2 The JVP’s Bid for Power & the Government Response
17.3 The PRRA (Peoples Revolutionary Red Army)
17.4 Disillusioned Revolutionaries
17.5 Post JVP Dilemmas
17.6 Findings of the Disappearance Commissions
17.7 The JVP’s Malignant Legacy
18 The 1990s: The Culture of Untruth and a Perilous Vacuum
18.1 A Flawed Triumph and Dilemmas of the Elite
18.2 The Assassination of Ranjan Wijeratne
18.3 The Rise and Fall of the BSO: Crisis Management UNP Style
18.4 The Impeachment Crisis
18.5 Wijetunge: President of the Transition
18.6 1995 - The PA Government and the Continuing Vacuum
18.7 Embilipitiya Schoolboys’ Affair - The Thin End of the Wedge
18.8 The Culture of Untruth
18.9 A Wider Responsibility
18.10 Overcoming the Logic of Terror
19 Political Murders, the Commissions and the Unfinished Task
19.1 Impressions and Flawed Evidence
19.2 A Note on the Kobbekaduwe Commission Report
19.3 The Premadasa Assassination
19.4 Other Testimony on the Premadasa Murder
19.5 The Disappearance of Ananda Sunil - 27th July 1983
19.6 The Athulathmudali Assassination
19.7 Ragunathan’s Disappearance
19.8 The Vijaya Kumaratunge Assassination
19.8.1 Criticism of Commission Findings
19.8.2 The Underworld in Piliyandala
19.8.3 Links to the Daya Pathirana Murder
19.8.4 Piliyandala: The Political World and Underworld
19.8.5 The Police Investigation into the VK Murder
19.8.6 Discrepancies in Proceedings: The Harsha Abhayawardena Case
19.8.7 What Was Behind the Kumaratunge Murder?
19.9 JVP - UNP Links?
19.10 Distorting History
20 Border Aggression and Civilian Massacres
20.1 Massacres & Institutional Blindness
20.2 Opting out of Sri Lanka and the Tamil Homeland
20.3 Post July 1983 & JOSSOP: A New Kind of War
20.4 Orchestrating Tamil Hordes
20.5 Enter Mossad and Ravi Jayewardene
20.6 Mahaveli System L: The Weli Oya Project and the Declaration of
War against Tamil Civilians
20.7 Arming Sinhalese Civilians in Border Areas
20.8 The East Erupts: Mossad Again?
20.9 The Paul Nallanayagam Case
20.10 The Anuradhapura Massacre: 14th May 1985
20.11 The Continuing Massacres in the East
20.12 June 1985 - May 1986: The Final Assault on Trincomalee
and the Trappings of a Colonial War
20.13 May 1986 - The Death of the Tamil Struggle and a
New Rationale for Massacres
20.14 July 1986 - The Present
20.15 The Role of the Mossad
20.16 The Toll: 1983 - July 1987
20.17 Mervyn de Silva on Israeli Involvement
21 Law Enforcement and the Security Services: Politicisation
and Demoralisation
21.1 The Police
21.1.1 The early 1990s
21.1.2 The PA and the Administration of the Police
21.1.3 The CID
21.1.4 The PSD (Presidential Security Division)
21.1.5 The Fate of an Honest Officer and the Road to Anarchy
21.1.6 The Ponnambalam Affair
21.1.7 Political Patronage of Criminals and Police Dilemmas
21.1.8 Magistrates - The Weak Link in Policing
21.2 The Army
21.2.1 The Operation in Jaffna: July 1979
21.2.2. What was Wrong?
21.2.3 A New Culture
21.2.4 The Years 1984 - July 1987
21.2.5 The Indo-Lanka Accord
21.2.6 Handing Over Arms to the LTTE
21.2.7 The Withdrawal of the IPKF
21.2.8 1990 - August 1994 : The Chickens Come Home
21.2.9 Under the PA Government: 1994 -
21.3 Looking Back: The Role of Civil Society
21.3.1 1994 to 1995
21.3.2 Fall-out from the Navaly Bombing : The Mulder Affair
21.3.3 Conspiracies Galore: NGOs, Tamils, Priests and Xenophobia
21.3.4 On the Road to Retrogression
21.4 Governing Under Siege
21.3.1 Rules and Minorities
21.3.2 Dangers of Perpetuating Partisanship
21.5 The Fall of Elephant Pass: The System Cannot Hold
21.6 Military Ethics and Human Rights
21 THE PARCHED TREE: Tamils and the Political Culture of Auto-Genocide
A Night in War-time -Sivaramani Sivanandan
22.1 The Surrender of the Intellectuals and the Cancer of Fascism
22.2 The Murder of Neelan Tiruchelvam
22.3 Kumar Ponnambalam: the Murky Politics of Heroes and Traitors
22.4 Fascism: The Heart’s Cry of the Mediocrity
22.5 The Global Caste System
22.6 Salient Features of the New Under Caste
22.7 The Contrasting Worlds of the Tamil People
22.8 The Role of the State
22.9 The Assault on Freedom, Debasement of the Soul and the Cult of Suicide
22.10 Democracy: Does it have any meaning for the Tamils?
22.11 The Death of a Struggle
22.12 A Monstrosity
22.13 Purity and Tamil Fascism
22.14 The Weight of Past Choices Crushed Humanity- Chelvi Thiagarajah
23 Present Realities and Precarious Options
23.1 The Avenger
23.2 The Erosion of a Tradition of Law:
What Went Wrong?
23.3 The State and the People
23.3 1. Human Rights in the North-East
23.3 2 The State’s Complicity in Murder
and the Two-Track Approach
23.3.3 The Failure of Law Enforcement
23.3.4 The Judiciary: Gains and Concerns
23.3.5 Activism, Reform and Civil Society
23.3.6 Merit, Governance and the Vacant Economy
23.3.7 The Rehabilitation of Jaffna
23.4 Reviving Democratic Institutions
23.5 ‘Twined with the dead boughs that winter still must bind’: Can Sri Lanka Be Helped?
23.6 Peace: Missing out on Justice?
23.7 The Tortuous Road to a Political Settlement and
the Federal Imperative
23.7.1 The Fate of President Kumaratunge’s Political Package
23.7.2 Decades of Procrastination and Tamil Dilemmas
23.7.3 The Implications of Protracted State Repression and Denial of Rights
23.7.4 The Bindunuwewa Massacre and the Challenge of Sinhalese Extremism
23.7.5 Political Irresolution, Children and War Realities
23.7.6 Federalism vs. Division and Fascism
23.7.7 Boundary of a Federal Unit vs. the Boundary of a Separate State
23.7.8 Federalism: Objections & Dilemmas
23.7.9 Half Truths and the Battle of Sinhalese Racism vs. Tamil Fascism
Concluding Thoughts
Appendix I
A Cry From the Heart…. - From Bishop Lakshman Wickremasinghe’s
Final Pastoral Letter
Appendix II
(Extracts from Richard Crampton’s review of ‘The Great Balkan Illusions’ by Noel Malcolm, in the Times Literary
Supplement of April 24 1998)
The Great Balkan Illusions: An unblinkered approach to history, myth and identity in Kosovo
Appendix III
Ethnic unity in Trinco- some reminiscences,
by R. M. A. B. Dassanayake
Appendix IV
‘PROSAIC’ NORTH AND EAST,
by Mallika Rasaratnam
Appendix V
A Note on the Legal Saga of Hill-Country Tamils
Abbreviations
Bibliography
Index
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